To be able to adjust some non-configurable menu items I wanted to inject my own CSS into the TYPO3 backend.
TYPO3 combines all CSS and JavaScript files in the backend automatically, so in order to be able to debug your custom CSS you have to turn that off at first:
typo3conf/LocalConfiguration.php
$TYPO3_CONF_VARS['BE']['debug'] = 1;
Now that CSS files do not get merged anymore, you can load your CSS in the additional configuration file or you extension's ext_tables.php:
typo3conf/AdditionalConfiguration.php
$GLOBALS['TBE_STYLES']['stylesheet'] = '/path/to/style.css'